Zhang, Shuchang
Yang, Chenhao
An, Qingyu
Zhong, Lei
Zhao, Xixuan
Qu, Xi
Wu, Yiwei
Zou, Haidong
Funding for this research was provided by:
Chinese National Key Research and Development Program (2021YFC2702100)
Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China (19DZ2250100)
Article History
Received: 19 October 2025
Revised: 26 January 2026
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 24 February 2026
Declarations
:
: This study followed the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai General Hospital (approval number: 2018KY209) and the Ethics Committee of Children’s Hospital of Fudan University (approval number: 01[2018]). Written informed consent was obtained from the legal guardian of each child to participate in the study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.