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Article History

Received: 13 August 2025

Revised: 14 January 2026

Accepted: 17 February 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Menoufia University Faculty of Medicine Research Ethics Committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments. The study was approved by the Menoufia University Faculty of Medicine Research Ethics Committee Institutional Review Board (IRB approval number and date: 7/2020 OPHT15).

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.