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Article History

Received: 19 November 2025

Revised: 27 January 2026

Accepted: 14 March 2026

First Online: 9 May 2026

Declarations

:

: S.R.S. has affiliations with Abbvie/Allergan, Alexion, Amgen, Apellis, ARVO, Astellas, Bayer, Biogen, Boerhinger Ingelheim, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Centervue, Character, Eyepoint, Heidelberg, iCare, IvericBio, Jannsen, Macula Society, Nanoscope, Nidek, NotalVision, Novartis, Optos, OTx, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Topcon.

: S.R.S. serves as an Editor-in-Chief of Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology and has affiliations with Abbvie/Allergan, Alexion, Amgen, Apellis, ARVO, Astellas, Bayer, Biogen, Boerhinger Ingelheim, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Centervue, Character, Eyepoint, Heidelberg, iCare, IvericBio, Jannsen, Macula Society, Nanoscope, Nidek, NotalVision, Novartis, Optos, OTx, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Topcon.

: This research obtained ethical approval from the institutional review boards (IRBs) of the Hadassah Medical Center (protocol #:382-19). The study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the declaration of Helsinki. All imaging and data underwent a rigorous de- identification process before being analyzed. The Houston dataset was scanned at the Retina Consultants of Texas Eye Clinics and analyzed at the Doheny Image Reading Research Laboratory (DIRRL) in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Retina Consultants Texas (Houston Methodist Hospital, Pro00020661:1 “Retrospective Prospective Analysis of Retinal Diseases”) and the UCLA Institutional Review Board (IRB, Ocular Imaging Study, Doheny Eye Center UCLA). Clinical trial number: not applicable.