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Authors
Maruko, Ichiro
Maruko, Ruka
Hashiya, Nozomu
Hasegawa, Taiji
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Tokyo Women's Medical University
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Article History
Received: 20 February 2026
Revised: 27 July 2026
Accepted: 31 July 2026
First Online: 5 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics Approval: The procedures used conformed to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Tokyo Women’s Medical University (#5316).
Competing interests: Maruko I. received lecturing and travel fees from Bayer Pharma, Novartis Pharma, Japan Alcon, Santen, Senju Pharma, Topcon, Chugai Pharma, Canon, Nidek, Nikon, Kowa, AMO, HOYA. Maruko R. received lecturing and travel fees from Kyowa, Kirin. Hashiya N. received lecturing and travel fees from Senju Pharma, Novartis Pharma, Chugai Pharma, AMO, Kowa, Bayer Pharma. Hasegawa T. received lecturing and travel fees from Novartis Pharma, Alcon Pharma, Santen, Kowa, Senju Pharmaceutical, R.E. Medical, Nikon Health Care Japan, JFC Sales Plan, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and Japan Beringer Ingelheim.
