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Authors
Liao, Ruitong
Huang, Xiaoping
Xu, Yue
Zhao, Qingya
Lv, Xiaogang
Liu, Qi
Ji, Qianqian
Li, Liuqing
Xu, Minghe
Chen, Weiqing
Wang, Yunzhang
Xu, Shan
Zhan, Yiqiang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Karolinska Institute
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Article History
Received: 3 January 2026
Accepted: 23 April 2026
First Online: 15 June 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval and consent to participate: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was approved by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Research Ethics Review Board (ERB) (Protocol No. 2011–17 and subsequent amendments; ). All participants provided written informed consent. The present analysis used publicly available, de-identified data and therefore did not require additional ethical approval.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. There is no individual-level data in our publication.
