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Authors
Päivärinne, Ville https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8558-9306
Fagerlund, Pi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5889-7805
Lahti, Jouni https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3924-446X
Rahkonen, Ossi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7202-3274
Lallukka, Tea https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3841-3129
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Helsinki
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Article History
Received: 9 February 2026
Accepted: 20 August 2026
First Online: 1 September 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval: Ethical approval The Helsinki Health Study protocol of young and early midlife employees has been approved by the ethics committees of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland (01/2017), and the health authorities of the City of Helsinki, Finland (HEL 2017- 004490T 13 02 01). Appropriate ethical aspects have been followed in all phases of the study, according to the 1964 Helsinki Declaration. In line with the GDPR, all participants were informed about the study and its purposes; voluntary participation; data confidentiality, use, and processing; data protection statement; and contact details. Written informed consent to participate to both questionnaire survey and its register linkages was obtained from all study participants. The data protection statement is available at the Helsinki Health Study website: .
Consent to participate: All participants of this study gave their written informed consent to participate. Register data on sickness absence were obtained from the employer’s register for those participants who provided informed consent for register linkage.
