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Article History

Received: 25 March 2024

Accepted: 25 September 2024

First Online: 10 October 2024

Declarations

:

: Alexandre Demoule reports grants from the French Ministry of Health, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Lungpacer, Respinor, consulting fees from Respinor, Lungpace, Lowenstein, Tribunal administrative de Cergy, Liberate Medical, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations from Fisher and Paykel, Baxter, Getinge, Astra, Agence Européenne Informatique, Mindray, support for attending meetings or travel from Lungpacer, outside the submitted work. Thomas Similowski reports personal fees for consulting and teaching activities from ADEP Assistance, AstraZeneca France, Chiesi France, KPL consulting, Lungpacer Inc., OSO-AI, TEVA France, Vitalaire. He is a stock shareholder of startups Hephaï and Austral Dx. He is listed as an inventor on issued patents (WO2008006963A3, WO2012004534A1, WO2013164462A1) describing EEG responses to experimental and clinical dyspnea. Capucine Morélot-Panzini reports personal fees for consulting and teaching activities from ADEP Assistance, AstraZeneca France, Chiesi France, GlaxoSmithKline France, Menarini, Breas Medical, ResMed France, Fisher & Paykel, Löwenstein, Orkyn, ISIS, Air Liquide Santé, Vivisol, ASV Santé. Maxens Decavèle, Marie-Cécile Niérat, Gabriel Kemoun, Damien Bachasson, Louis Laviolette, and Nicolas Wattiez declare no conflicts of interest.

: The study conformed to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the appropriate ethics committee (Comité de Protection des Personnes Île-de-France VI, France).

: All participants gave written informed consent.