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Article History

Received: 15 October 2024

Accepted: 18 November 2024

First Online: 19 December 2024

Declarations

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: This is a summary of independent research funded by Loughborough University and carried out at the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of Loughborough University, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. M.P.F. is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands (ARC EM). S.J.B. has current/previous funding from KIRIN Central Research Institute, Fitoplancton Marino SL, Kaneka Medical Europe, Bio-gen Extracts and Herbalife Europe Ltd. In all cases, monies have been paid to S.J.B’s institution and not directly to SJB. S.A.M. has current/previous funding from Entrinsic Beverage Company LLP and Herbalife Europe Ltd and has received honorariums from Unilever PLC to present at conferences. L.J.J. has current/previous funding from Bunge Loders Croklaan B.V., Herbalife Europe Ltd, Bridge Farm Nurseries ltd., Entrinsic Beverage Company LLP, Decathlon SA, PepsiCo Inc. and Volac International, has performed consultancy for The British Horseracing Authority, Lucozade, Ribena Suntory and PepsiCo Inc., and has received conference fees from PepsiCo Inc. and Danone Nutricia. In all cases, monies have been paid to LJJ’s institution. LJJ is part of the National Institute for Health Research’s Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, which is a partnership between University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Loughborough University, and the University of Leicester.