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Authors
Reynolds, Kirsty M. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0285-5762
Rowland, Samantha N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1458-5244
Funnell, Mark P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7473-5999
Clifford, Tom https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0484-2953
Heaney, Liam M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8791-0167
Mears, Stephen A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3941-9426
Bailey, Stephen J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0923-6362
James, Lewis J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6514-5823
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health and Care Research (National Institute for Health and Care Research)
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Article History
Received: 17 June 2025
Accepted: 1 November 2025
First Online: 21 November 2025
Declarations
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: LJJ is part of the National Institute for Health and Care Research’s Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, which is a partnership between University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Loughborough University, and the University of Leicester. This report is independent research by the National Institute for Health Research. MPF is funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands (ARC EM). The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR, NHS, or the Department of Health. LJJ has current/previous funding from Entrinsic Beverage Company LLC, Entrinsic Bioscience LLC, Herbalife Europe Ltd, Bridge Farm Nurseries, Decathlon SE, PepsiCo Inc., Volac International; has performed consultancy for PepsiCo Inc. and Lucozade, Ribena Suntory; and has received conference fees from PepsiCo Inc. and Danone Nutricia. In all cases, monies have been paid to LJJs institution and not directly to LJJ. SAM has current/previous funding from Entrinsic Beverage Company LLP and Herbalife Europe Ltd and has received consultancy fees from Unilever. SNR was supported by external research funding awarded to LMH from Biopolis S.L. The authors declare no other conflict of interest.
