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Authors
Shannon, Eli Spencer https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8889-6420
Sparks, S. Andy https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0910-2225
McNaughton, Lars Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3743-3171
Marrin, Kelly https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6581-8987
Bridge, Craig Alan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9109-5185
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Article History
Received: 15 September 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 3 January 2026
Declarations
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: ESS, LRM, KM and CAB have no competing interests. At the time of study design, SAS was a colleague of ESS, LRM KM and CAB, but is now employed by Maurten AB, Sweden. SAS was not involved in the data collection or analysis processes. Maurten AB Sweden provided the Bicarb System products and maltodextrin placebo mini-tablets free of charge.
: Ethical approval was granted through Edge Hill University Ethics Committee (ETH2223-0084) and all procedures were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and its later amendments. Written and verbal consent was obtained for this study.
: All participants consented to the publication of findings.
