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Authors
Adami, Alessandra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1917-9296
Vitacca, Michele https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9389-7915
Casaburi, Richard https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8851-8589
Salvi, Beatrice https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7203-4320
Simonelli, Carla https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2238-7499
Rossiter, Harry B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7884-0726
Paneroni, Mara
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NHLBI Division of Intramural Research (R01HL151452)
Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco, Ministero della Salute (CE2288)
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Article History
Received: 2 January 2026
Accepted: 27 March 2026
First Online: 6 April 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: Alessandra Adami is supported by a grant from NIH R01HL151452, and by Career Enhancement grant from the University of Rhode Island Division of Research & Economic Development in the FY26 competition. She is partially supported by Institutional Development Award Number U54GM115677 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, which funds Advance Rhode Island Clinical and Translational Research (Advance RI-CTR). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Harry Rossiter is supported by grants from NIH (R01HL151452, R01HL166850, R01HL153460, P50HD098593, R01DK122767), Tobacco Related Disease Research Program (T31IP1666), Department of Defense/USAMRAA (HT9425-24–1-0249) and The Gates Foundation (INV-097131). He reports consulting fees from the NIH RECOVER-ENERGIZE working group (1OT2HL156812) and is involved in contracted clinical research with Biocient, Intervene Immune, Mezzion, Regeneron, Respira and Roche. He is a visiting Professor at the University of Leeds, UK and the University of Pavia, Italy. He reports a pending patent application filed by The Lundquist Institute, titled "Testing System to Diagnose Neuromuscular Deconditioning and Pathologic Conditions". Richard Casaburi reports consulting fees from Inogen. Michele Vitacca reports webinar/conference fees from Astra-Zeneca, Menarini, Chiesi, and Glaxo. He is a visiting professor at the University of Brescia, IT, and the University of Verona, IT. Mara Paneroni is a visiting Professor at the University of Brescia, IT; University of Verona, IT; University of Milan, IT. Other authors do not have any disclosures to report.
