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Authors
Fujie, Shumpei https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3649-0077
Rafiei, Hossein
Kanemoto, Michiko
Konishi, Satoshi
Iemitsu, Motoyuki
Little, Jonathan P.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ritsumeikan University
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Article History
Received: 27 November 2025
Accepted: 29 March 2026
First Online: 10 April 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.
Ethical approval: The study was approved by the University of British Columbia Clinical Research Ethics Board (ID H17-01747) and was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03374436). The study conformed to the standards set by the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent before data collection.
