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Article History

Received: 10 June 2026

Accepted: 1 September 2026

First Online: 11 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of Goethe University Frankfurt (approval number: No. 2022/788). Due to the retrospective design of the study, the ethics committee waived the requirement for informed consent.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

AI statement: The original version of the manuscript was professionally edited for language by American Manuscript Editors. The authors used AI-based language tools, including DeepL, Google Translate, and ChatGPT, to assist with translation and language refinement of selected parts of the manuscript during the revision process. These tools were used solely to improve clarity and linguistic quality and were not used for the generation of scientific content, data analysis, or interpretation. The authors take full responsibility for the content of this manuscript.

Competing interests: TS received travel grants from the Japanese Surgical Society and from the German Society for General and Visceral Surgery. She participates as an advisor in a Springer Nature-related project without personal remuneration. Travel expenses for meetings associated with this project were reimbursed by the Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie (BDC). The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.