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Article History

Received: 16 June 2020

Accepted: 2 March 2021

First Online: 15 March 2021

Declarations

:

: The authors declared that they had no conflict of interest with respect to their authorship or the publication of this article.

: All the procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the appropriates research committees (Ethics approval from Universidade Lusófona da Guiné, Guinea-Bissau—reference ULG 01/2016CA, and Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Portugal—reference 192/16) and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Emotion recognition in nonverbal vocalizations shows a cultural/national/ethnic advantage even for similar socio-economic-educational status and language. Emotion-wise, this cultural advantage may exist for pleasure, amusement, and anger, but less for sadness, relief and fear. Preliminary skin conductance response evidence suggests this cultural advantage reflects a lower arousal or cognitive load, across emotions. The skin conductance response differences elicited by 6 nonverbally vocalized emotions is also described, for the first time.