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Article History

Received: 24 February 2026

Accepted: 8 April 2026

First Online: 22 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The regulations of our funding agency, the DFG, as well as regulations at the universities the experiments were conducted at, specify for psychological research projects that individual approval is only required for studies that entail a risk or a high level of stress for participants, for studies that provide partial information about its aims and procedures, for patient samples, for functional magnetic resonance imaging, electrical or magnetic stimulation, and for psychopharmacological studies. None of these conditions applied to our experiments, which is why we did not seek ethical approval by an institutional review board. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the German Psychological Society (DGPs) and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.