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Article History

Received: 18 March 2025

Revised: 12 May 2025

Accepted: 30 May 2025

First Online: 5 August 2025

Declarations

: CD reports grants from European Commission H2020, grants from German Cancer Aid Translational Oncology, grants from German Breast Group, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Roche, personal fees from MSD Oncology, personal fees from Daiichi Sankyo, personal fees from AstraZeneca, from BioNTech, from Molecular Health, grants from Myriad, personal fees from Merck, other from Sividon diagnostics, outside the submitted work; In addition, CD has a patent VMScope digital pathology software with royalties paid, a patent WO2020109570A1—cancer immunotherapy pending, and a patent WO2015114146A1 and WO2010076322A1- therapy response issued. RE has received honoraria from Roche, Eisai, Pfizer, BioNTech, Veracyte (PROCURE), Diaceutics, Mindpeak, AstraZeneca, MEDAC, and Novartis. The institution of RE conducts research for AstraZeneca, Roche, Janssen-Cilag, NanoString Technologies, Biocartis, ZytoVision, Novartis, Cepheid, Mindpeak, MSD, Gilead, palleos healthcare, Owkin, and BioNTech. PJ reports research grants and travel support from Gilead Sciences GmbH. HUS is an employee of Discovery Life Sciences and reports advisory board memberships, research support and honoraria with Agilent, BMS, MSD, AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Diaceutics, ZytoVision, Roche with payments made to the institution. AF reports grants from AstraZeneca to the institution, as well as personal fees for lectures and presentations from AstraZeneca. FS reports advisory board participation with Agilent with a payment made. AL declares to have received speaker honoraria and/or personal funds for advisory role from AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, MSD Sharp & Dohme, Myriad Genetics, Eurobio Scientific Service, Gilead Sciences, Novartis, Roche, Menarini Stemline, if-kongress-management GmbH, Inflection Point Biomedical Advisors and Veracyte Inc.; personal fees for scientific support of the presented proficiency test and writer engagement outside the submitted work from QuIP; personal fees for Steering-Committee Member of Diaceutics and Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.