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Article History

Received: 27 June 2025

Revised: 31 July 2025

Accepted: 7 August 2025

First Online: 21 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Not applicable (review paper).

: C.L. reports honoraria from Astellas (consulting, steering committee for CLDN18.2), Bayer, MSD, and Medica s.r.l. (consulting and speaker bureau). K.A.M. is advisory boards and consultant for Amgen, Astellas (also steering committee for CLDN18.2), Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Elephas, and Merck. T.K. reports honoraria for consulting from Agilent, Amgen, Astellas (also steering committee for CLDN18.2), Bristle Myers Squibb, Myriad, Daiichi Sankyo, MSD, Guardant, GxD, and Roche Diagnostics; advisory role from Astellas, Daiichi Sankyo, and MSD. T.A.L. reports honoraria from Astellas (steering committee for CLDN18.2); P.S. reports honoraria (for advisory boards and presentations) from BMS, AstraZeneca, Falk, Eisai, Leica, Incyte, Roche, Astellas (including steering committee for CLDN18.2), and Novartis and research contracts from Incyte, Falk, Novartis, Leica, BMS, AstraZeneca, Chugai, and Illumina; M.T. reports honoraria from Daiichi Sankyo; advisory role from Astellas (also steering committee for CLDN18.2). J.R. is cofounder of Targos Molecular Pathology GmbH, now part of Discovery Life Sciences, to which speaker honoraria and personal funds for an advisor role from Astellas (also steering committee for CLDN18.2), AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo Inc, GSK plc, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merck KGaA, and QuIP (Qualitätssicherungs-Initiative Pathologie) are reimbursed. M.F. reports research funding (to their institution) from Roche, Thermofisher, and Diaceutics; personal honoraria as an invited speaker from Roche, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Lilly, Incyte, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi, Agilent, Merck Serono, Pierre Fabre, GSK, Novartis, and Amgen; and participation in advisory boards for Amgen, Astellas (also steering committee for CLDN18.2), Roche, Pfizer, Merck Serono, GSK, Novartis, and Janssen.