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Article History

Received: 3 July 2025

Revised: 28 August 2025

Accepted: 12 September 2025

First Online: 25 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Samples were used in accordance with ethical guidelines for the use of retrospective tissue samples at our institutions (ethics committee of the FAU Erlangen on 5th October 2023 (approval number 22–368-Br)).

: M.E. declares honoraria and travel support from Bristol Myers Squibb, Immunocore, Novartis, Pierre Fabre and Sanofi, outside the submitted work. K.D. reports financial support (speaker’s honoraria, advisory boards, travel expense reimbursements or grants) outside the submitted work from Abbvie, BMS, Pierre Fabre, Novartis and Roche. D.N. reports financial support (speaker’s honoraria, advisory boards, travel expense reimbursements or grants) outside the submitted work from Abbvie, Almirall, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers-Squib, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte, Janssen-Cilag, Kyowa Kirin, LEO Pharma, Lilly, L’Oreal/Cerave, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron and UCB Pharma. C.B. reports consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), Immunocore, Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD), Delcath, Sanofi, and Pierre Fabre; honoraria for lectures from BMS, MSD, Almirall Hermal, Novartis, Sanofi, Pierre Fabre, Leo Pharma; participation on safety data monitoring boards of InflaRx, Miltenyi, outside the submitted work; C.B. is a board member of the Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group (DeCOG), Nationale Versorgungskonferenz Hautkrebs (NVKH e.V.), and Hiege-Stiftung—die Deutsche Hautkrebsstiftung (Hiege Foundation – the German Skin Cancer Foundation) outside the submitted work. M.V.H. received consulting fees from Immunocore, BMS, MSD (Merck), Sanofi, Almirall Hermal, and Pierre Fabre outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no conflicts of interests.