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Article History

Received: 24 June 2025

Revised: 22 August 2025

Accepted: 19 September 2025

First Online: 7 October 2025

Declarations

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: The Danish Ethics Committee (nr. SJ-1016, 03/2023, amended 12/2023) and Region Zealand Research Register (Forskningsfortegnelse, nr. REG-016–2023, 10/2023, amended 03/2024) approved the study. Approval to obtain journal data was given under number EMN-2024–07267 (09/2024). The Danish Registry for Use of Tissue was checked to ensure that no patients included in this study were registered there. Informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized archival material.

: Dusan Rasic served as an advisory board member for MSD. Roberto Salgado served as an advisory board member for BMS, Roche, Astra Zeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, and Exact Sciences. RS has received research funding from Roche, Puma, Merck, and BMS. RS is a member of an advisory group to the Belgian Government on the reimbursement of assays in genomics and pathology. RS is co-Chair of The International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group (). RS has no financial conflicts of interest related to the current work presented. Johan Hartman has obtained speaker’s honoraria or advisory board remunerations from Gilead, Novartis, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, MSD, AstraZeneca, and Sakura and has received institutional research support from Roche, MSD, and Novartis. Johan Hartman and Mattias Rantalainen are co-founders and shareholders of Stratipath AB. Anne-Vibeke Lænkholm served as an advisory board member for MSD and Astra Zeneca and has received an institutional grant from AstraZeneca and travel expenses from Daiichi Sankyo and Astra Zeneca. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.