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Authors
Rivera Monroy, Luis Carlos https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8232-8920
Petzold, Anne
Sari, Melissa
Breininger, Katharina
Maier, Andreas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9550-5284
Vera-Gonzalez, Julio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3076-5122
Erdmann, Michael
Schliep, Stefan
Drexler, Konstantin
Niebel, Dennis
Schreml, Stephan
Hayani, Kinan M.
Aebischer, Valentin
Braun, Stephan A.
Schmidle, Paul
Metze, Dieter
Sticherling, Michael
Berking, Carola https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0229-8931
Koch, Elias A. T. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2005-7533
Heppt, Markus V. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4603-1825
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
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Article History
Received: 4 November 2025
Revised: 19 January 2026
Accepted: 8 February 2026
First Online: 20 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by an independent research ethics committee of the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU; approval number 22-368-Br) and was conducted following the principles of the Helsinki Declaration in its current version.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare a potential competing interest related to another manuscript recently published on Virchows Archive. The related publication, titled “An artificial intelligence model of whole-slide pathology specimens differentiating cutaneous high-grade squamous proliferations” addresses overlapping methodologies and applications in the field of artificial intelligence and pathology. While the current manuscript and the related project focus on distinct research questions and datasets, there is potential conceptual overlap. The authors affirm that all efforts have been made to ensure transparency and avoid conflicts of interest.
