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Article History

Received: 7 January 2025

Revised: 20 March 2025

Accepted: 28 March 2025

First Online: 11 April 2025

Declarations

: This study is a retrospective analysis using de-identified data, and there was no direct interaction with human participants. Therefore, the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital reviewed this study and granted a waiver for obtaining individual informed consent (Approval No. FJUH-IRB 114459).

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring compliance with international ethical standards for research involving human participants.

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Additionally, the authors declare that no funding, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.