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Authors
Ibrahim, Mariam John Amin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4936-8303
Elbarbary, Mohamed Nasr El Dine
Yacoub, George Ezzat Elkess
Abdo, Mona Abdo Mostafa
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ain Shams University
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Article History
Received: 24 September 2025
Revised: 31 October 2025
Accepted: 8 November 2025
First Online: 9 December 2025
Declarations
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: This cross-sectional study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (MS 863 2022/2023). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, as adopted by the World Medical Association for research involving human participants. Participants had the right to withdraw at any time. The study procedure was explained, and informed written consent was taken from the parents of the participants or their legal guardians before enrollment. No personal data was used in this study.
: An informed written consent was taken from the parents of the participants or their legal guardians before enrollment.
: N/A. No personal data was used in this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
