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Authors
Schneider, L. E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6708-8348
Brandl, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2820-5019
Ullrich, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4894-6124
Piening, B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4478-5597
Eckmanns, T. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2006-9016
Diercke, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4678-1813
Suwono, B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5021-6510
Haller, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8242-711X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Robert Koch-Institut
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Article History
Received: 15 September 2025
Revised: 20 November 2025
Accepted: 1 December 2025
First Online: 18 December 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was not necessary for this outbreak investigation as it was performed as part of routine surveillance activities, outbreak investigation, and diagnostics according to the German Infection Protection Act.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Lena E. Schneider is a fellow of the German Postgraduate Training in Applied Epidemiology (PAE) associated with the ECDC Fellowship Programme. The views and opinions expressed herein do not state or reflect those of ECDC. ECDC is not responsible for the data and information collation and analysis and cannot be held liable for conclusions or opinions drawn.
: ChatGPT (version GPT-4o) was used to refine the R code for the statistical analysis, as well as for language editing without affecting the analysis or conclusions. The authors retain full responsibility of the content of the manuscript. Participants’ confidentiality was guaranteed by not sharing any sensitive information.
