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Article History

Received: 15 November 2025

Revised: 23 January 2026

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 7 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was performed in accordance with the principles of the revised Declaration of Helsinki (WMA 2024 and 2013). The Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, approved the study on February 16, 2022 (Study-ID 2022–1858), further approving the first amendment (Study-ID 2022–1858-1) on May 24, 2022, and the second amendment (Study-ID 2022–1858-2) on November 14, 2022. Amendment 1 included modifications to the pilot phase, while amendment 2 introduced the new implementation of interviews following observations of patient–physician conversations in the status quo analysis.

: Informed consent from both paediatric patients and their legal guardians was required prior to voluntary participation in the study. Therefore, age-appropriate information and consent documents for children and adolescents (children under 14 years, adolescents aged 14–15 years, and young people aged 16–17 years), and their legal guardians, were made available in four languages (Turkish, Arabic, Russian, and Polish). Translations into additional languages were provided as needed during the study. Consent was optional for patients aged 8 to 13, depending on each child's maturity and experience. For patients under 8 years of age, written consent was not required; however, age-appropriate information was provided, and oral consent was obtained. Furthermore, we obtained the informed consent of the doctors involved.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study is registered under DRKS00029141 in the German Registry of Clinical Studies (DRKS).

: Data management complied with the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the German Federal Data Protection Act. All personal data were collected, saved, and analysed pseudonymously.