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Authors
Ali, Kamal
Nandunjappa, Mahesh
Homedi, Abdulaziz
Arattu Thodika, Fahad MS
Subba-Rao, Raghavendra
Almahdi, Mohammed
Alsaif, Saif
Ali, Ibrahim
Bhat, Ravindra
Harris, Christopher
Dassios, Theodore
Greenough, Anne
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Article History
Received: 22 January 2026
Revised: 24 March 2026
Accepted: 27 March 2026
First Online: 20 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. The study was registered with the Clinical Governance Department of King’s College Hospital, London. In accordance with the UK National Health Service Health Research Authority decision tool, the project was classified as a service evaluation and did not require review or approval by the Research Ethics Committee. For the Saudi Arabian center, ethical approval for retrospective data collection and analysis was obtained from the King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC). Given the retrospective nature of this study and the use of fully de-identified clinical data, the requirement for informed consent was waived.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
