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Article History

Received: 12 December 2025

Revised: 5 May 2026

Accepted: 7 May 2026

First Online: 16 May 2026

Declarations

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: In relation to this work, MGS declares a grant from the National Institute for Health and Care Research UK (NIHR) to his institutions, and a gift without encumbrance to his institutions of the clinical trial investigational medicinal product, with distribution to trial sites, from Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy. Unrelated to this work, MGS declares other grants to his institutions from the NIHR, the Medical Research Council UK, and the Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool. Unrelated to this work, MGS’s institution has received consultancy fees from GSK regarding respiratory syncytial virus vaccination policy, and fees from Pfizer as an independent, external, non-remunerated member of Pfizer’s external data monitoring committee for Pfizer’s mRNA vaccine programme. Unrelated to this work, MGS is a minority shareholder and was Chair of the Infectious Disease Scientific Advisory Board of Integrum Scientific, Greensboro, NC, USA, and a majority shareholder and Director of MedEx Solutions, UK. MGS has been seconded to the Scottish Government since Aug 5, 2025, as Chief Scientific Adviser for Scotland. The other authors declare no competing interests.