Gao, Wenbin
Song, Xianpu
Xing, Yuman
Liang, Lili
Feng, Yanhua
Article History
Received: 15 December 2025
Revised: 12 May 2026
Accepted: 18 May 2026
First Online: 23 May 2026
Declarations
:
: This retrospective observational study was conducted in full compliance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its subsequent amendments. Ethical review and approval were obtained from the Ethics Committee of Hebei Provincial Children’s Hospital. As the study used only de-identified, routine clinical data from medical records with no intervention, no additional biological sample collection, and no impact on patient diagnosis/treatment, it was exempt from formal Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval in accordance with national ethical guidelines for retrospective research. All patient data were anonymized prior to analysis to protect patient privacy.
: The authors declare no competing interests.