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Authors
Dou, Zhenzhen
Wang, Xinyu
Kang, Xuekai
Feng, Guoshuang
Ma, Lingyun
Tang, Yutao
Guo, Lingyun
Hu, Bing
Chen, Tianming
Liu, Gang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Program (PX2024042)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation - Capital Medical University Joint Fund Project (L2510023)
Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research (2024–1–2092)
Training Plan for High level Public Health Technical Talents Construction Project (Discipline Leader–02–02)
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Article History
Received: 9 January 2026
Revised: 12 June 2026
Accepted: 15 June 2026
First Online: 24 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Children’s Hospital (Approval Number: [2025]–E–124–R) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The requirement for informed consent was waived because this was a retrospective database study using de-identified data. The ethics approval covered the use of de-identified multicenter discharge face-sheet data from the FUTURE database. The approval also covered the validation analysis using the electronic medical record system of Beijing Children’s Hospital. Direct personal identifiers were removed before statistical analysis.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
