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Authors
Horinouchi, Kensuke
Ueno, Kentaro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0656-570X
Iwaizako, Hiroki
Shimozono, Tsubasa
Kawamura, Junpei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9968-2248
Hazeki, Daisuke https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6873-042X
Fukushige, Toshirou
Nomura, Yuichi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7381-410X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Kagoshima University
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Article History
Received: 10 January 2026
Revised: 11 June 2026
Accepted: 25 June 2026
First Online: 15 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kagoshima City Hospital (Approval No. 2024–03, April 17, 2024).
Consent to participate: Because of the retrospective design and use of de-identified data, the Institutional Review Board of Kagoshima City Hospital waived the requirement for individual informed consent. In line with national ethical guidelines, study information (including the purpose of data use and anonymization procedures) was publicly disclosed on the Kagoshima City Hospital website ( ) and within the hospital, and patients/parents or legal guardians were provided an opportunity to opt out; individuals who declined were excluded from the analysis.
Consent to publish: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
