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Article History

Received: 30 September 2020

Accepted: 10 January 2021

First Online: 31 January 2021

Compliance with ethical standards

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: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Prashanth Ashok Kumar declares that he has no conflict of interest. Shweta Paulraj declares that she has no conflict of interest. Dongliang Wang declares that he has no conflict of interest. Danning Huang declares that she has no conflict of interest. Abirami Sivapiragasam declares that she has no conflict of interest. The National Cancer Database (NCDB) is a joint project of the Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons and the American Cancer Society. The data used in the study are derived from a de-identified NCDB Participant User File (PUF) file. The American College of Surgeons and the Commission on Cancer have not verified and are not responsible for the analytic or statistical methodology employed, or the conclusions drawn from these data by the investigators.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors. The SUNY Upstate IRB has reviewed the project and has determined this project does not meet the definition of human subject research under the purview of the IRB according to federal regulations. IRB no: 1494553-1. The American College of Surgeons had reviewed and accepted the proposal for the study. NCDB PUF APPLICATION: 2016.985.

: Not applicable. Data were obtained from the NCDB PUF file. It is a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) complaint data file where patient information is de-identified.

: Not applicable.