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Article History

Received: 2 September 2025

Accepted: 20 September 2025

First Online: 22 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study utilized archived, de-identified formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Biological Science Ethics Review Committee of Hunan Aifang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Approval No. HN20250401). All mouse experiments were approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Shenzhen University and were instruct accordance with good veterinary practice as defined by the Shenzhen University Laboratory Animal Center.

: Not applicable.

: For this retrospective analysis of archived FFPE tissues, the requirement for individual written informed consent was waived by the approving ethics committee (Approval No. HN20250401) due to the anonymous nature of the samples and the impossibility of contacting donors. Patient identifiers were fully removed prior to analysis.

: Individual consent for the publication of de-identified data derived from tissue samples was waived by the ethics committee (Approval No. HN20250401) under the condition that researchers ensure no identifiable patient information (including demographic, clinical, or imaging data linked to specific individuals) is disclosed in any publication.