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Authors
Xiong, Qi
Luo, Yu
Han, Kun
Pan, Yao
Wang, Jue
He, Jingke
Li, Junkun
Xu, Wenhao
Xiang, Tingxiu
Su, Shuai
Wei, Chengcheng
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Article History
Received: 11 December 2025
Accepted: 13 January 2026
First Online: 26 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
: The NHANES protocols were approved annually by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Research Ethics Review Board. Written informed consent was obtained from all adult participants and parents/guardians of minors, with assent obtained from minors. As this study involved secondary analysis of de-identified, publicly available NHANES data, no additional institutional review board (IRB) approval was required per Title 45 Code of Federal Regulations Part 46.104(d)(4). This study analyzed a de-identified, publicly available dataset of the National Health Interview Survey—NHANES). As such, it was deemed exempt from ethical approval by the Institutional Review Board of Chongqing Medical University in accordance with the “China Ethical review methods for life sciences and medical research involving human beings”.
: Not applicable.
