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Authors
Harasan, Jitaporn
Sadaow, Lakkhana
Boonroumkaew, Patcharaporn
Rodpai, Rutchanee
Sanpool, Oranuch
Yamasaki, Hiroshi
Intapan, Pewpan M.
Maleewong, Wanchai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6726-3759
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Fundamental Fund of Khon Kaen University from National Science, Research and Innovation Fund 2025, Thailand
The Office of the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation under the Reinventing University 2025 Visiting Professor Program, Thailand
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Article History
Received: 22 August 2025
Accepted: 30 October 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Declarations
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: All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines and approved by both the Khon Kaen University Ethics Committee for Human Research (permit number HE664044) and the Medical Ethics Committee of the National Institute of Infectious Diseases in Tokyo, Japan (approval number 177).
: All data were fully anonymized, and the Human Ethics Committee waived the requirement for informed consent.
: Not applicable. The data used in this study are anonymized, and no individual participants can be identified in the manuscript, figure, or supplementary files.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
