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Authors
Louro, Mariana
Linhares, José C. T.
Pinto, Carlos Augusto
Pino-Vera, Román
Nunes, Telmo
Gomes, Jacinto
Pereira da Fonseca, Isabel
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UI/BD/152818/2022)
European Social Fund Plus (Tesis 2022010038)
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Article History
Received: 23 September 2025
Accepted: 30 November 2025
First Online: 5 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee for Research and Teaching (CEIE) of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (CEIE N/Ref. 039/2023). Farmers provided written informed consent for the participation of their calves.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
