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Authors
Pacheco, Henrique
Hussein, Hiba Abi
Hoareau, Thierry
Lima-Barbero, José-Francisco
Sández, Antía
Rodrigues, Chloé Warret
de Vargas, Ana Pérez
Muñoz, Mar Carrasco
Höfle Hansen, Ursula
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
International Fund for Houbara Conservation
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Article History
Received: 20 November 2025
Accepted: 19 March 2026
First Online: 1 May 2026
Declarations
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: All samples in the study belong to captive houbara as a part of a conservation breeding program at the Emirates Centre for Wildlife Propagation (ECWP) in eastern Morocco. The breeding program was approved by the Moroccan Ministry of Agriculture and a mandate-independent veterinarian (mandate number: 534–98), providing control over the well-being of the birds. Onsite veterinary facilities with a team of expert veterinarians ensure the best possible care for the birds. Standards from sanitary authorities are regularly controlled. The sampling was conducted by Reneco International Wildlife Consultants, LTD. To minimize stress during capture, the birds were fitted with hoods during manipulation. The bird care practices conformed to the Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
