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Article History

Received: 3 December 2025

Accepted: 19 February 2026

First Online: 17 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors have nothing to declare.

: This study did not involve any direct interaction with human subjects or the collection of identifiable patient data. The clinical Nocardia isolates were obtained from a de-identified microbiology repository, where they had been stored following routine diagnostic use. Institutional guidelines were strictly followed to ensure the ethical use of these stored clinical samples, and no personal, identifiable, or sensitive clinical information was accessed or utilized at any stage. The Institutional Review Board of Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, approved the ethical clearance for this study. In line with institutional ethical standards, all patient-related information has been maintained in strict confidentiality.