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Authors
Wehr, Nathaniel H.
Moore, Seth A.
Romanski, Mark C.
Isaac, Edmund J.
Kellner, Kenneth F.
Kautz, Todd M.
Millspaugh, Joshua J.
Belant, Jerrold L.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Boone and Crockett Program in Wildlife Conservation at Michigan State University (Boone and Crockett Program in Wildlife Conservation at Michigan State University)
Camp Fire Conservation Fund (Camp Fire Conservation Fund)
Edna Bailey Sussman Foundation (Edna Bailey Sussman Foundation)
Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa)
Isle Royale National Park (Isle Royale National Park)
Moore Family Fund for Wildlife Conservation (Moore Family Fund for Wildlife Conservation)
Michigan Technological University (Michigan Technological University)
National Parks of Lake Superior Foundation (National Parks of Lake Superior Foundation)
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Article History
Received: 19 November 2025
Accepted: 7 May 2026
First Online: 25 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that we have no financial conflicts of interest related to this work.
: All animal capture and handling was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations for the study species provided by the National Park Service, Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, and Michigan State University.
