Article History
Received: 25 April 2021
Accepted: 12 October 2021
First Online: 5 January 2022
Declarations
:
: Keegan Guidolin, Deanna Ng, Sami Chadi, and Fayez A. Quereshy have no conflict of interest or financial ties to disclose.
: American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the hospitals participating in the ACS NSQIP are the source of the data used herein; they have not verified and are not responsible for the statistical validity of the data analysis or the conclusions derived by the authors.