Document is current

Article History

Received: 29 March 2023

Accepted: 30 July 2023

First Online: 11 September 2023

Declarations

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: Howard receives unrelated funding from the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Foundation and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (5T32DK108740-05).Englesbe receives unrelated funding from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and salary support from Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan. The Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative is funded as part of the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Value Partnership program. Dimick receives grant funding from the NIH, AHRQ, and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Foundation and is a cofounder of ArborMetrix, Inc. Telem receives funding from AHRQ K08HS025778-01A1 and receives consulting fees from Medtronic. Ehlers, O’Neill, Shao, and Huynh have no disclosures. The content of this study is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official views of Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan. No funder or sponsor had any role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Howard had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.