Wisniowski, Paul http://orcid.org/0009-0004-6849-2539
Putnam, Luke R.
Gallagher, Shea
Rawal, Rushil
Houghton, Caitlin
Lipham, John C.
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Southern California
Article History
Received: 26 May 2023
Accepted: 30 December 2023
First Online: 9 February 2024
Declarations
:
: John Lipham and Caitlin Houghton is a consultant for Ethicon. Paul Wisniowski, Luke Randall Putnam, Shea Gallagher and Rushil Rawal has no conflict of interest or financial ties to disclosure.
: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the hospitals participating in the ACS NSQIP are the source of the data used herein; they have not verified and are not responsible for the statistical validity of the data analysis or the conclusions derived by the authors<b>.</b>