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Article History

Received: 3 August 2025

Accepted: 8 November 2025

First Online: 20 November 2025

Disclosure

: Masazumi Sakaguchi, Masaya Nakauchi, Ayaka Ota, Masahiro Fujita, Yusuke Umeki, Kazumitsu Suzuki, Akiko Serizawa, Shingo Akimoto, Yusuke Watanabe, Tsuyoshi Tanaka, Susumu Shibasaki, Kazuki Inaba, Koichi Matsuo, Ichiro Uyama, and Koichi Suda have no commercial associations or financial involvement that may be construed as a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. Ichiro Uyama has received lecture fees from Intuitive Surgical, Inc. outside of the submitted work and has been funded by Medicaroid Inc. in relation to the Collaborative Laboratory for Research and Development in Advanced Surgical Technology, Fujita Health University. Koichi Suda has been funded by Sysmex Co. in relation to the Collaborative Laboratory for Research and Development in Advanced Surgical Intelligence, Fujita Health University, and has received research expenses from Medtronic Inc. unrelated to this study. This research was conducted independently and received no financial, material, or technical support from Intuitive Surgical, Inc. Masazumi Sakaguchi, Masaya Nakauchi, Ayaka Ota, Masahiro Fujita, Yusuke Umeki, Kazumitsu Suzuki, Akiko Serizawa, Shingo Akimoto, Yusuke Watanabe, Tsuyoshi Tanaka, Susumu Shibasaki, Kazuki Inaba, Koichi Matsuo, Ichiro Uyama and Koichi Suda have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose.