Document is current

Article History

Received: 16 August 2025

Accepted: 21 December 2025

First Online: 20 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Kazuhiro Matsuo, Susumu Shibasaki, Kazumitsu Suzuki, Yusuke Umeki, Akiko Serizawa, Shingo Akimoto, Masaya Nakauchi, Yusuke Watanabe, Tsuyoshi Tanaka, Kazuki Inaba, Seiichiro Kanaya, Ichiro Uyama, and Koichi Suda have no commercial association with or financial involvement that might be construed as a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. Yusuke Watanabe received honoraria from Covidien Japan, Johnson & Johnson, Olympus, AMCO, and TOPPAN Inc., unrelated to the submitted work. Yusuke Watanabe also has a collaborative research project with TOPPAN Inc., EBM Co., Medicaroid Inc., Nishikawa Co., Ltd., Central Uni, Co., Ltd., SAKURA SEIKI Co., Ltd., and NEC Co., unrelated to the submitted work. Tsuyoshi Tanaka and Ichiro Uyama have been funded by Medicaroid, Inc., in relation to the Collaborative Laboratory for Research and Development in Advanced Surgical Technology, Fujita Health University. Ichiro Uyama has received lecture fees from Intuitive Surgical, Inc., and Medtronic, Inc., unrelated to the submitted work. Koichi Suda has been funded by Sysmex, Co., in relation to the Collaborative Laboratory for Research and Development in Advanced Surgical Intelligence, Fujita Health University, outside of the submitted work. Koichi Suda received research expenses from Sysmex, Co. and Medtronic, Inc., unrelated to the present study.