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Article History

Received: 1 April 2026

Accepted: 25 April 2026

First Online: 8 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Dr. Daniel Hashimoto is supported by the American Surgical Association Foundation Fellowship, is a consultant for Medtronic, and is a co-inventor on a patent held by Mass General Brigham related to an AI analysis system for surgical data (US Patent # 12,362,068). Dr. Hashimoto also reports prior grant funding from the Intuitive Foundation and Wellcome Leap for work outside of this manuscript. He also reports travel support to attending training courses from Intuitive and Boston Scientific. Ms. Sharon Lee and Dr. Jayson Marwaha have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose. Dr. Steven Schwaitzberg reports consulting fees from Stryker Endoscopy and Kerecis, participation on Data Safety Monitoring Board as an independent medical monitor for Sealonix, board membership for Academic Insurance and SAGES Ingenuity, and stock or stock options with Levtira magnetics and HIA technologies. Ms. Mindy Duffourc reports grants from Maastricht University Medical Center, EU Horizon Project Classica, University of Miami Bucerius Law School as well as consulting fees from New York University and DDQ, B.V. Ms. Duffourc reports travel support for meeting attendance as a presenter from European Association for Endoscopic Surgery, University College Dublin, Council of Europe, University of Pisa, University of Trento, Universitat Pempeu Fabra, HIGHTECH Agenda Bavaria. Ms. Duffourc reports uncompensated leadership roles on advisory boards for Responsible AI UK Keystone Project on Addressing Socio-technical Limitations of LLMs for Medical and Social Computing, II Legal SciComm Conference 2024: Research and Practices, The Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI) AI and Data Management Taskforce Task Force on “The European Approach to Liability for the AI Age.”

: Artificial intelligence tools, including ChatGPT 5 Pro (OpenAI), Gemini 2.5 Pro (Google), and Grammarly (Grammarly), were utilized to assist with literature search, word choice, grammar, and spelling. The authors take responsibility for all content in this publication.