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Authors
Heimke, Marvin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2482-6099
Heinze, Tillmann https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6789-311X
Aselmann, Heiko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7251-9413
Biebl, Matthias https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3690-8614
Brunner, Maximilian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9615-321X
Johannink, Jonas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9534-5471
Kneist, Werner https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7219-0523
Reichert, Benedikt https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0153-6387
Pochhammer, Julius https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5695-5442
Strey, Christoph W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4347-5685
Türler, Andreas
Wullstein, Christoph
Benz, Stefan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2533-1813
Wedel, Thilo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8146-2711
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
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Article History
Received: 27 January 2026
Accepted: 1 May 2026
First Online: 29 May 2026
Declarations
Disclosures: Dr. Heinze, Dr. Aselmann, PD Dr. Brunner, Dr. Johannink, Prof. Dr. Kneist, Dr. Reichert, PD Dr. Pochhammer, PD Dr. Strey, PD Dr. Wullstein, Prof. Dr. Benz and Prof. Dr. Wedel have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Prof. Dr. Biebl: payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers, bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events: Applied Medical. Dr. Heimke: stock or stock options: Intuitive Surgical. Prof. Türler: payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers, bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events: Intuitive Surgical; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board: Intuitive Surgical. These supports are not related to the study.
Ethical approval: Body donors were recruited from the local body donation program (Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, Germany) after previous informed written consent to be used for medical research and educational purposes in accordance with the regulatory guidelines (Burial Act of the State of Schleswig–Holstein, Section II, § 9) and approval by the ethics committee (D 514/24, Medical Faculty, Kiel University).
