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Article History

Received: 28 March 2026

Accepted: 15 June 2026

First Online: 31 August 2026

Declarations

Disclosures: The ACS-NSQIP and the hospitals participating in the ACS-NSQIP are the source of the data used herein; they have not verified and are not responsible for the statistical validity of the data analysis or the conclusions derived by the authors. Aníbal La Riva, MD, Rafael H. Perez-Soto, MD, MSc, Juan Aulestia, MD, Valentin Mocanu, MD, PhD, Juan S. Barajas-Gamboa, MD, Jerry Dang, MD, PhD, Andrew Strong, MD, Ricard Corcelles, MD, Gustavo Romero-Velez, MD, and Salvador Navarrete, MD, have no conflict of interest or financial ties to disclose. Matthew Kroh, MD is Chief Medical Officer for Advanced and General Surgical Technologies for Medtronic.