Document is current

Article History

Received: 22 June 2026

Accepted: 28 July 2026

First Online: 11 August 2026

Declarations

Disclosures: Drs. Sang-ji Choi and Gibong Chae have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose.

Ethical approval: Not required; this study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of previously published, aggregate data and involved no new human or animal participants.

Use of artificial intelligence: The authors used a generative artificial intelligence tool (a large language model; Claude Opus 4.8, Anthropic; accessed on June 2026) during preparation of this manuscript. It was used to assist with organisation of the extracted data, to help write and debug the Python scripts used for the statistical analysis and to provide language editing of author-written drafts. The tool was not used to design the study, to make eligibility or risk-of-bias judgments or to create, alter or interpret the original research data or results. All artificial intelligence-assisted output was directed, reviewed and verified by the authors, who take full responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of the content.