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Authors
Noueihed, Khaled https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2451-6170
Woodroof, Jacob
Ibrahim, George
Koeneman, Scott
Jacob, John
R. Grenda, Tyler
Evans, Nathaniel R. III
Okusanya, Olugbenga T.
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Article History
Received: 21 April 2026
Accepted: 5 August 2026
First Online: 24 August 2026
Declarations
Disclosures: OTO and NRE III have received research funding from the Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation, paid to their institution. OTO has received speaker honoraria from Intuitive Surgical, Johnson & Johnson, and Astrazeneca. NRE III has received speaker and consultant honoraria from Intuitive, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Astrazeneca. Khaled Noueihed, Jacob Woodroof, George Ibrahim, Scott Koeneman, John Jacob, Tyler R. Grenda have no conflict of interest or financial ties to disclose.
Ethical approval: This research was deemed exempt from Institutional Review Board approval at Thomas Jefferson University given the nature of the deidentified data. No informed patient consent was required.
