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Authors
Nishi, Kentaro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3436-0392
Fukui, Kana
Matsui, Toshihiro
Okada, Satoshi
Ikuse, Tatsuki
Miyata, Yurina
Aiba, Hiroyuki
Chiba, Hirotaka
Funaki, Takanori
Isayama, Tetsuya
Ito, Yushi
Kamei, Koichi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Center for Child Health and Development (2024B-9)
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Article History
Received: 3 July 2025
Revised: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 30 September 2025
First Online: 22 October 2025
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Subjects issued by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. The protocol for the study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the NCCHD (Approval No.: 2024–074). Informed consent was deemed unnecessary according to these ethical guidelines. However, we ensured transparency by publicly disclosing the study information on the institutional website, allowing participants or their guardians to opt out if desired.
: The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose. An honorarium, grant, or other form of payment was not provided to any of the authors to produce the manuscript.
