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Authors
Giannini, Courtney M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2064-4722
McCuistion, Austin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1698-1427
Stenson, Erin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9878-5923
Shih, Weiwen Vivian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0076-0697
Acker, Shannon N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2673-0824
Schauer, Steven G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2322-5216
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (T32TR004367)
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Article History
Received: 28 August 2025
Revised: 16 November 2025
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 29 January 2026
Declarations
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: Not applicable.
: The Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board (COMIRB) reviewed protocol COMIRB 23–1732 and determined it met the definition of research not involving human subjects and therefore IRB approval was not required. We obtained only de-identified data.
: SGS has received funds from the Department of Defense and SeaStar Medical in the form of grants to his institution for unrelated efforts, however, no salary support has been provided. We have no other conflicts to report.
: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Army Medical Department, Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.
