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Authors
Pillay, Camilla https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2792-6003
Costello, Ruth E.
Bidulka, Patrick
Santhakumaran, Shalini
Plumb, Lucy
Nitsch, Dorothea
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Article History
Received: 27 June 2025
Revised: 6 March 2026
Accepted: 19 March 2026
First Online: 27 April 2026
Declarations
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: The UKRR holds permissions under s251 of the National Health Service (NHS) Act 2006, to gather, process, and share confidential patient information for the purposes of audit and research. These permissions are renewed annually by the UK’s Health Research Authority’s Confidentiality Advisory Group. The collection and analysis of the data for research were carried out under the ethical permissions granted to the UKRR by the Research Ethics Committee (Ref: 16/NE/0042).
: The work undertaken within this study helped to fulfil the requirements for a MSc degree in Epidemiology, completed at the LSHTM by CP.
